Codling moth larvae damage fruit directly making it a pest that can be tolerated at only very low levels. Our aim was to determine the level of insecticide resistance in spanish field populations. Assessment of insecticide resistance in eggs and neonate. Their unique biology combined with their physical attributes makes them forever a formidable foe to anyone that grows apples. Do not apply to large trees unless adequate spray coverage can be verified. May 07, 2018 codling moth treatment timing is coming up in midmay for many areas of northern utah. Broadspectrum insecticide resistance was detected for codling moth.
Alternative techniques for dealing with codling moth have been widely accepted by farmers, and have reduced orchard pesticide use by 80. With apple ipm, degree day models are used primarily for three insects, oriental fruit moth, san jose scale and codling moth. Codling moths are not large, as the full grown adult codling moth has an average length of 10 mm and wingspan of 20 mm. Both strains are clearly differentiable by their gst and mfo activities reyes et al. Variation in response to insecticide in codling moth, cydia pomonella l. Stara and others published insecticide resistance in the codling moth cydia pomonella find, read and cite all the.
Codling moth wing morphology changes due to insecticide resistance ivana pajac. Their appearance blends well with most tree bark, making them difficult to detect. Codling moth granulovirus is an effective organically acceptable tool to control codling moth. Pleiotropy of insecticide resistance in the codling moth. Sep 17, 2019 genes involved in insecticide resistance revealed by genome data of the codling moth, cydia pomonella. Codling moth wing morphology changes due to insecticide resistance article pdf available in insects 1010. Insecticide resistance may enhance the response to a hostplant volatile kairomone for the codling moth, cydia pomonella l. Life history tradeoffs between insecticide resistance and. Insecticide resistance action committee the cm questionnairesurvey regional survey of codling moth resistance designed for given region basic field data in xxx country.
Its resistance to synthetic insecticides organophosphates, pyrethroids, abamectin, benzoylureas, benzhydrazides, neonicotinoids, and macrocyclic lactones has been reported in several countries since the. In california, races of codling moth attack prune and walnut. Tradeoffs between insecticide resistance and development time in codling moth. Crossresistance between azinphosmethyl and acetamiprid. Its not the moth stage of this pest which damages your apples its the caterpillar stage of its life which burrows into your apples. They can be a problem in commercial orchards as well as for backyard fruit trees. Pdf insecticide resistance in the codling moth cydia. Codling moths northwest center for alternatives to pesticides.
For seven decades, chemical measures have been the mainstay of codling moth control, but insecticide use is beginning to fail on a worldwide scale due to evolution of pesticideresistant strains. The inheritance of deltamethrin resistance in cydia pomonella l. Deltamethrin resistance in the codling moth lepidoptera. Crossresistance between azinphosmethyl and acetamiprid in.
Pdf the codling moth cydia pomonella l is controlled mostly with chemical insecticides in greece and control failures have been reported. Analytical procedures adult moths were sexed before analysis. Codling moth, cydia laspeyresia pomonella, is a serious insect pest of apples, pears, and english walnuts. Pdf insecticide resistance may enhance the response to a.
Codling moth resistance to some of the older insecticides that had been used for control. Codling moth prefers apple but also attacks pear, largefruited hawthorn and quince. Codling moth wsu tree fruit washington state university. The identification of sources of resistance is crucial. The obvious benefits associated with insecticide resistance for pest species may come at a cost to other lifehistory traits. Broadspectrum resistance presents serious problems for management of the codling moth in michigan. Pleiotropy of insecticide resistance in the codling moth, cydia. Pdf codling moth wing morphology changes due to insecticide. Insecticide resistance in the codling moth cydia pomonella. Growers should not rely on a single insecticide mode of action throughout the year to control codling moth. Applecodling moth pacific northwest pest management handbooks. Codling moth is a key pest of apple, which attacks the fruit directly causing economic damage at low population densities. Dates for the remaining locations will be provided when available. However, such an adaptive process has been associated with an increased heterogeneity in the developmental responses to climatic factors such as temperature.
Tortricidae, to insecticides has become a major problem in many apple and pear production areas. If the orchard has a history of codling moth problems, use one or more insecticide applications against the first generation. Dominguez davila 3, katarina maryann mikac 4 and renata bazok 1. Costs of insecticide resistance in cydia pomonella. The wings fold into a tentlike shape when the moths are resting. Increasing concern about codling moth resistance to insecticides larry gut and john wise entomology controlling populations of codling moth cm with previously reliable insecticides applied at the label dosage and at the proper time has become difficult for some michigan growers. The resistance has forced growers in those regions to adopt alternative control strategies, mainly using pheromone mating disruption andor codling moth granulovirus. Correlated insecticide crossresistance in azinphosmethyl resistant codling moth lepidoptera. Almost everyone has bitten into a wormy apple or pear, an unpleasant experience.
Pdf insecticide resistance status of the coodling moth cydia. Hear a national public radio story from 29 sep 2007 on this problem. Insecticide resistance management for codling moth. Three populations of codling moth in neonate larvae were evaluated for resistance to seven insecticides via diet bioassays, and compared with a susceptible population. We examined the insecticide resistance status of 33 and 38 populations of fifthinstar nondiapausing and diapausing larvae, respectively by applying bioassays, biochemical and dna. Selection for insecticide resistance in the codling moth cydia pomonella results from allelic substitution at two to three loci in southeastern french populations of this species. Pdf insecticide resistance in the codling moth cydia pomonella. Identification larva pinkishwhite caterpillar with black or mottled black head.
The work in this proposal is designed to screen for insecticide resistance in uk populations of codling moth, and to identify the genomic location of insecticide resistances to several insecticides in the wider european population of codling moth. Resistance of spanish codling moth cydia pomonella. Genes involved in insecticide resistance revealed by genome data of the codling moth, cydia pomonella. The life cycle involves one complete and one partial generation per year in southern britain, though two generations occur in hot summers. Snps in 667 genes involved in the azinphos methyl a and deltamethrin b resistance.
Insecticide resistance in codling moth field populations has been related mainly to increased enzymatic metabolization and targetsite mutations voudouris et al. Worldwide variability of insecticide resistance mechanisms in. Codling moth populations are widely resistant to conventional and insect growth regulator insecticides in southern and central europe. Jun 01, 2012 the obvious benefits associated with insecticide resistance for pest species may come at a cost to other lifehistory traits. Fortunately, there are new labeled insecticide alternatives for codling moth control on apples with different modes of action. Increasing concern about codling moth resistance to. It is a reduced risk insecticide that has little or no effect on beneficial insects and mites. In southern germany there have been reports of resistance to one strain of cmgv.
In this study, we compared the larval and pupal developmental times, pupal mass wing surface area and wing fluctuating asymmetry fa in insecticide resistant and control strains of codling moth, cydia pomonella l. Dominguez davila 3, katarina maryann mikac 4 and renata bazok 1 1 department for agricultural zoology, faculty of agriculture, university of zagreb, 0 zagreb. Whether you have 1 tree or an orchard spanning hundreds of acres, codling moths can take away your harvest quickly and. Seven field populations collected from apple, malus domestica borkhausen rosaceae, orchards, and three laboratory susceptible strains of. Resistance to insect growth inhibitors dimilin 48 sc and. Two techniques topical application and direct incorporation of insecticide into the trap adhesive were used to assay male moths caught in pheromone traps. However, there are no insecticide resistance studies in the country as yet. Maintaining effective control strategies for codling moth.
Pdf insecticide resistance status of the coodling moth. Degree day accumulations are used to predict when certain biological events occur, such as egg laying, egg hatch, or scale crawler movement, they also synchronize for. Lepidoptera tortricidae is a key pest of pome fruit apple, pear and quince and walnut orchards in most temperate regions of the world. Life history mature codling moth larvae overwinter in silken cocoons in protected sites on the tree under loose bark, in cracks and crevices, in the soil or in wooden materials under or. Improvement of the sterile insect technique for codling. Codling moth treatment timing is coming up in midmay for many areas of northern utah. Efforts to control the codling moth in the past mostly relied on the use of broad spectrum insecticide sprays, which has resulted in the development of insecticide. New management programs have been developed and implemented that rely more heavily on other classes of insecticides. Pears have some natural resistance to attack by codling moth when fruit are small because of their hardness, however, pears can become heavily infested in late summer as they mature. Its not the moth stage of this pest which damages your apples its the caterpillar stage. Innovation in the biological control of codling moth and oriental fruit moth with madex twin cydx is an aqueous suspension concentrate biological insecticide from certis usa.
Codling moths northwest center for alternatives to. Worldwide variability of insecticide resistance mechanisms. Only use in orchards with lowtomoderate codling moth populations. Nomolt 15 sc was also detected in part of codling moth population from velke.
Resistance development is one of the major problems in applying the insecticides for the control of c. It contains a naturally occurring virus that infects and kills larvae of the codling moth cydia pomonella. Worldwide variability of insecticide resistance mechanisms in the codling moth, cydia pomonella l. Resistance to azinphosmethyl, lambdacyhalothrin and methoxyfenozide was associated with reduced residual activity in the. The table of dates provides two options for managing the first generation. Applecodling moth pacific northwest pest management. Phenological segregation of insecticide resistance alleles in. Adult brownishgray moth about 1012 mm long with a copper spot on the end of each forewing. Tortricidae, has developed resistance to various insecticides. Codling moths have accounted for more damage to apples then any other pest.
Pest management challenges and control practices in codling moth. A chromosomelevel genome assembly of cydia pomonella. The codling moth has recently developed simple, cross and multiple resistance to various pesticides. Resistance to new selective chemistries and potential changes in developmental rates stephen c. Codling moth adults are about 12 to 34 inch long with mottled gray wings that they hold tentlike over their bodies figure 1. Phenological segregation of insecticide resistance alleles. A worm in homegrown fruit is not really a worm, but most likely a codling moth caterpillar. Two techniques topical application and direct incorporation of insecticide into the trap adhesive were used to. Codling moth wing morphology changes due to insecticide.
Insecticide resistance trials at the penn state fruit research and extension center, along with recent apple load rejections due to internal. The codling moth is one of the principal pests of apple in the world. If a codling moth source exists nearby, use border sprays five to six rows of insecticides. Intensive application of chemicalbased insecticide treatments for the control of cm has led to resistance. Insect hosts, life stages, life histories, damage, monitoring, biological control, and management are described for most major and minor pests in orchards as well as major natural enemies. Resistance of codling moth, cydia pomonella msu tree fruit. Stara and others published insecticide resistance in the codling moth cydia pomonella find, read and cite all the research you need on researchgate. Orchard pest management provides a practical reference on tree fruit ipm. Field resistance issues moderate decreasing low resistance knowledge and investigation tools moderate increasing high maintaining effective control strategies for codling moth, cydia pomonella insecticide resistance action committee. Jul 12, 2016 the codling moth is one of the principal pests of apple in the world. Intensive application of chemicalbased insecticide treatments for the control of cm has led to resistance development.
Owing to its economic importance, it is a highly controlled species and the intense selection pressure the species is under has likely caused it to change its phenotype in response. Bacillus thuringiensisbt is the most widely used biopesticide lacey et al. However, such an adaptive process has been associated with an increased heterogeneity in. Relative fitness of one susceptible strain sv and two strains selected for resistance to diflubenzuron rt and deltamethrin rv, respectively, was measured in the absence of insecticide selection pressure. Codling moth additional information apple best practice guide. Resistance monitoring is crucial to the effective management of resistance in codling moth. Identify and treat codling moth with our experts advice. Monitoring and characterization of insecticide resistance. They are distinguished from other similar moths in the family tortricidae by the distinctive patterns on their forewings. Welter and frances cave department of environmental science, policy, and management university of california, berkeley, ca studies have indicated that codling moths resistant from lab selections to. Insecticide resistance trials at the penn state fruit research and extension center, along with recent apple load rejections due to internal worms, indicate a need to refocus attention on strategies to slow down the development of insecticide resistance in codling moth. Option a is the traditional method, where the first insecticide coincides with egg hatch.
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